翻開中國過去重大屠城事件。

中國古代的屠城是指在戰爭或衝突期間，入侵的軍隊攻克一座城市後，對城內居民進行大規模殺戮或掠奪的行為。古代的屠城事件非常複雜，包括不同朝代、不同戰爭和不同地區的多種情況。以下是一些中國古代屠城事件的例子：

始皇帝時期的屠城：中國歷史上的一個著名的屠城事件發生在秦朝的第一個皇帝秦始皇統治期間。他征服並統一中國各國，期間發生多次的戰爭和屠城事件，以確保統一。著名的事件包括攻克咸陽、焚燒巴蜀都城成都、焚書坑儒等。

三國時期：在三國時期，發生多次大規模的戰爭，城市屠城是相當常見的。著名的案例包括董卓之亂時的長安城被破壞，以及赤壁之戰後的荊州城失守。

唐朝安史之亂：唐朝時期的安史之亂是中國歷史上一次大規模的內亂。這場內戰導致多座城市的屠城，包括長安、洛陽、杭州等，城市在戰亂中受到嚴重破壞。

五胡亂華：在中國歷史上，鮮卑、匈奴、回紇、契丹、蒙古等外族入侵的時期，也發生了多次屠城事件。著名的例子包括北齊時期鮮卑入侵並佔領洛陽城。

明朝朱元璋的鎮壓：明朝的建立也伴隨著對一些反叛地區的征服，以及對城市的屠城行動，以確保國家統一。著名的例子包括對南明政權的攻克，如南京的攻佔。

清朝的準噶爾：清朝時期，中國西北的準噶爾汗國與清朝發生多次衝突。其中著名的是乾隆帝時期的清軍進攻準噶爾，佔領城市如伊犁。這次征戰伴隨著城市屠城事件，引發大量的人員傷亡。

第二次鴉片戰爭：19世紀中葉，中國爆發鴉片戰爭，外國列強侵佔中國的多個城市，如北京、上海、廣州等。這一時期的城市失守和屠城事件對中國產生深遠的政治和社會影響，促使一系列的變革和改革。

Opening the pages of China's history reveals significant events of mass slaughter in cities.

Ancient Chinese city massacres refer to the large-scale killing or looting of residents within a city by invading armies during times of war or conflict. These incidents in ancient China were complex and varied, involving different dynasties, wars, and regions. Here are examples of ancient Chinese city massacres:

Qin Dynasty under Emperor Qin Shi Huang: A notable city massacre occurred during the reign of China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang. In his efforts to conquer and unify the various states, numerous wars and city massacres took place to ensure unification. Famous events include the capture of Xianyang, the burning of Chengdu in Shu, and the burning of books and burial of scholars.

Three Kingdoms Period: The Three Kingdoms Period witnessed multiple large-scale wars, making city massacres quite common. Notable cases include the destruction of Chang'an during the chaos of Dong Zhuo's rebellion and the loss of Jingzhou after the Battle of Red Cliffs.

An Lushan Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty: The An Lushan Rebellion during the Tang Dynasty was a massive internal upheaval leading to city massacres, including those in Chang'an, Luoyang, Hangzhou, and more. Many cities suffered severe damage during the turmoil.

Period of Five Barbarians Disturbance: Throughout Chinese history, during periods of invasion by nomadic tribes such as Xianbei, Huns, Uighurs, Khitans, and Mongols, there were several instances of city massacres. Notable examples include the invasion and occupation of Luoyang during the Northern Qi period.

Ming Dynasty suppression by Zhu Yuanzhang: The establishment of the Ming Dynasty involved the conquest of rebellious regions and city massacres to ensure national unity. Well-known examples include the capture of the Southern Ming regime, such as the fall of Nanjing.

Qing Dynasty against the Dzungars: During the Qing Dynasty, conflicts occurred in China's northwest with the Dzungar Khanate. Notably, during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the Qing forces attacked the Dzungars, occupying cities like Ili. These military campaigns led to city massacres and significant casualties.

Second Opium War: In the mid-19th century, the Opium Wars erupted in China, with foreign powers occupying various Chinese cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The urban losses and city massacres during this period had profound political and social implications, triggering a series of reforms and changes in China.