2025年7月31日，一場引發中國科技圈與政商界高度關注的安全事件正式浮上檯面。中國國家互聯網信息辦公室（簡稱國家網信辦）公開約談美國晶片巨頭英偉達（NVIDIA），指出其針對中國市場推出的特供型號——H20人工智慧加速晶片，存在「漏洞後門安全風險」。根據國家網信辦通報，該晶片可能被植入具有遠端追蹤、精確定位甚至強制關閉等功能的潛在後門，對國家資料主權、智慧計算中心運行及關鍵基礎設施的安全構成威脅。

事件一出，立刻在國內外引發強烈關注。英偉達隨即作出回應，否認其H20晶片存在後門，聲稱其產品完全符合出口規範與商業透明原則。然而，在這波澄清聲明的背後，外界卻發現另一份極具關聯的關鍵文件：2025年5月，美國國會已提出《晶片安全法案》（Chip Security Act）草案，明確要求所有出口至戰略敏感市場的AI與高性能晶片，必須具備遠端管控能力，以確保美方「技術可控性與安全風險可追蹤性」。

這項草案一經曝光，立即引發技術專家與產業分析師的高度警覺。多位半導體專業人士指出，當前已有相對成熟的硬體與韌體技術，能夠實現不被使用者察覺的後門控制功能。尤其在AI運算晶片中，相關控制可以內嵌於微碼或管理模組，透過加密方式執行遠端通訊指令，對系統安全造成潛在威脅。這使得英偉達雖未承認，但市場對其產品安全性疑慮仍持續升溫。

在這場事件的刺激下，中國國內AI與半導體產業迅速展現出「去美化」與自主可控的戰略決心。根據最新披露的數據，目前中國新建智慧算力中心中，國產AI晶片的採用比例已達到86%，其中以華為旗下昇騰910B為代表的晶片產品，在運算效能方面接近英偉達H20的水準，但價格則便宜約20%，具有明顯的性價比優勢。多個省級政府、科研機構與大型互聯網企業均加速採購國產方案，力求降低對美國高端晶片的依賴風險。

資本市場的反應也十分迅速而強烈。以寒武紀(與中科合資)、龍芯中科等代表的本土晶片企業，在事件發生後的首個交易日股價大幅上漲，單日漲幅普遍超過7%，帶動整個半導體板塊集體上行。市場普遍認為，這場「後門門」風波不僅將對英偉達在華業務造成長期影響，更可能成為中國晶片產業實現突圍、自主替代的轉折點。

整體而言，此次英偉達H20事件，已不僅僅是單一科技產品的技術與市場爭議，而是牽動中美科技博弈的又一核心戰場。從資料安全、國家主權到科技自主，每個層面都蘊含著極大的戰略意義。中國方面顯然已意識到，關鍵基礎設施的計算能力不可能長期依賴外來供應鏈，唯有加速國產替代、打造自主可控的技術生態，才能真正確保未來的數位主權與國家安全。

On July 31, 2025, a major security incident emerged that has drawn significant attention from China’s tech industry, policymakers, and business community. The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) publicly summoned U.S. chip giant NVIDIA for a formal interview, pointing out serious “vulnerability and backdoor security risks” in its H20 AI accelerator chip—specially designed for the Chinese market. According to the CAC’s statement, the H20 may contain embedded backdoors capable of remote tracking, precise geolocation, and even forced shutdown functions, posing a potential threat to China’s data sovereignty, smart computing infrastructure, and critical national systems.

The announcement triggered an immediate wave of concern both within China and internationally. NVIDIA promptly responded, denying that the H20 chip contains any backdoor, claiming its products comply fully with export regulations and commercial transparency standards. However, behind this official denial, industry observers quickly drew connections to another highly relevant document: in May 2025, the U.S. Congress proposed the Chip Security Act, which mandates that all AI and high-performance chips exported to strategic markets must include remote control capabilities. The stated goal is to ensure that U.S. technologies remain “controllable and traceable” even after export.

The revelation of this bill sparked alarm among technical experts and semiconductor analysts. Several professionals in the chip industry noted that current hardware and firmware technologies are already advanced enough to support covert control functions that users would not easily detect. In AI processing chips, such controls can be embedded in microcode or management modules and activated via encrypted remote commands—posing real and present threats to system integrity. Even though NVIDIA has not acknowledged any such features, public skepticism about the security of its H20 chip continues to grow.

Spurred by this event, China’s domestic AI and semiconductor industries have rapidly intensified their drive toward “de-Americanization” and achieving technological self-reliance. Recent data shows that 86% of newly built smart computing centers in China now use domestically produced AI chips. Among them, Huawei’s Ascend 910B chip stands out with performance metrics close to that of NVIDIA’s H20, while maintaining a price advantage of roughly 20%. Provincial governments, research institutions, and major tech companies are actively transitioning to Chinese alternatives to reduce reliance on American high-end chips.

The financial markets responded swiftly and sharply. Domestic chipmakers such as Cambricon Technologies (a joint venture with the Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Loongson Technology saw their stock prices surge over 7% in a single trading day, with the broader semiconductor sector rallying in tandem. Many market analysts believe that the “backdoor scandal” may inflict long-term damage on NVIDIA’s business in China and serve as a pivotal moment for the Chinese semiconductor industry to break through and accelerate its path to independence.

In summary, the NVIDIA H20 controversy is not merely a technical or commercial dispute over a single product—it has become a focal point in the ongoing U.S.-China technology rivalry. The incident touches on critical themes such as data security, national sovereignty, and technological autonomy, each of which carries immense strategic weight. Chinese authorities appear increasingly aware that they cannot rely on foreign supply chains for the computing power that underpins national infrastructure. The only viable path forward is to speed up the development of homegrown technologies and establish a controllable, self-sufficient tech ecosystem. Only then can China safeguard its digital sovereignty and long-term national security in the era of intelligent computing.