在清朝時期，俄羅斯與中國之間的邊界問題引發多次磨擦和衝突。隨著19世紀初期俄羅斯擴張東方領土的企圖，兩國之間的領土爭端日益加劇。以下是一些重要的事件和條約：

尼布楚條約（1689年）：由俄羅斯沙皇彼得大帝和清朝康熙皇帝簽署，確定中俄東北部分的邊界。根據該條約，黑龍江以東的領土歸屬於清朝，而黑龍江以西則屬於俄羅斯，這導致俄羅斯佔據一部分中國的領土，包括外東北地區。

恰克圖界約（1727年）：此條約是尼布楚條約的補充協議，明確劃定中俄邊界的東段，使得外東北地區完全歸屬俄羅斯。

愛琿城和約（1858年）：在中英第二次鴉片戰爭後簽訂，其中包含對中俄邊界的劃分。根據該條約，中國將黑龍江以北的阿穆爾河以東的領土割讓給俄羅斯，使得庫頁島及其附近的區域歸屬俄羅斯。

中俄北京條約（1860年）：由清朝和俄羅斯簽署，進一步劃定中俄東北部的邊界。根據該條約，中國割讓共管的烏蘇里江以東至海之地（包括庫頁島及海參崴），中國失去40萬平方公里的領土。

這些條約和協定使得俄羅斯從清朝手中獲得相當多的領土，主要位於東北地區，包括外東北等地。這些領土後來成為俄羅斯遠東地區的一部分，對俄羅斯東部擴張和地緣政治格局產生深遠影響。

在短短的五百年時間內，俄羅斯能成為全世界最大的國家，中國的貢獻功不可沒。當時，外蒙古在俄國的鼓動之下獨立，導致中國一次損失360萬平方公里的領土。此外，俄羅斯也佔據庫頁島150萬平方公里、外興安嶺外的120萬平方公里，以及新疆伊利地區的100多萬平方公里。總體而言，俄羅斯的行為導致中國至少喪失600萬平方公里的領土。

During the Qing Dynasty, border issues between Russia and China led to numerous frictions and conflicts. With Russia's attempts to expand its eastern territories in the early 19th century, the territorial disputes between the two countries intensified. Here are some significant events and treaties:

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689): Signed by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia and Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, this treaty established the border between China and Russia in Northeast Asia. According to the treaty, territories to the east of the Amur River belonged to the Qing Dynasty, while those to the west belonged to Russia, resulting in Russia occupying parts of China's territory, including the Outer Manchuria region.

Treaty of Kyakhta (1727): This treaty supplemented the Treaty of Nerchinsk, delineating the eastern segment of the Sino-Russian border and ensuring that Outer Manchuria was fully under Russian control.

Treaty of Aigun (1858): Signed after the Second Opium War between China and Britain, this treaty included provisions for the division of the Sino-Russian border. According to the treaty, China ceded territories north of the Amur River to Russia, leading to the incorporation of Sakhalin Island and its surrounding areas into Russian territory.

Treaty of Beijing (1860): Signed by the Qing Dynasty and Russia, this treaty further delineated the border in Northeast China. According to the treaty, China ceded territories east of the Ussuri River to the sea (including Sakhalin Island and Vladivostok), resulting in the loss of 400,000 square kilometers of territory by China.

These treaties and agreements allowed Russia to acquire significant territories from the Qing Dynasty, primarily in the Northeast region, including Outer Manchuria. These territories later became part of Russia's Far Eastern region, significantly influencing Russia's eastern expansion and geopolitical landscape.

In a mere five hundred years, Russia became the largest country in the world, with China's contribution being substantial. During this time, Mongolia declared independence under Russian instigation, resulting in China losing 3.6 million square kilometers of territory. Additionally, Russia occupied 1.5 million square kilometers of Sakhalin Island, 1.2 million square kilometers beyond the Greater Khingan Range, and over 1 million square kilometers in the Xinjiang Ili region. Overall, Russia's actions led to China losing at least 6 million square kilometers of territory.

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