代孕是一種生殖技術，指的是一名女性（稱為代孕母親）為另一對夫婦或個人懷孕和分娩的過程。代孕母親會在醫學上受孕並且孕育胚胎，最終將孩子交給委託父母。代孕有兩種主要形式：傳統代孕（代孕母親使用自己的卵子）和妊娠代孕（代孕母親只負責孕育，不使用自己的卵子）。

烏克蘭代孕的合法性

在烏克蘭，代孕是合法的，並且已成為許多外國夫婦尋求代孕服務的熱門目的地。烏克蘭對代孕的法律規範相對寬鬆且支持代孕過程，這使其成為全球代孕服務的中心之一。因此也有人稱烏克蘭為歐洲的子宮。

烏克蘭代孕流程

選擇代孕機構或診所：委託父母需要選擇一家可靠的代孕機構或生育診所，這些機構會協助處理所有的法律、醫療和行政程序。

初步諮詢和評估：委託父母通常需要進行初步諮詢，討論他們的需求和期望。此階段包括醫療和心理評估，以確保他們適合進行代孕。

法律合同：代孕合同是代孕過程中的關鍵文件，明確各方的權利和義務。合同需要涵蓋費用、代孕母親的權利、妊娠期間的健康和生活安排等。在烏克蘭，代孕合同需要在律師的見證下簽署。

選擇代孕母親：委託父母通常可以從代孕機構的候選人名單中選擇合適的代孕母親。代孕母親需要經過詳細的健康檢查和心理評估。

醫療程序：體外受精（IVF）：通常使用委託母親或卵子捐贈者的卵子和委託父親或精子捐贈者的精子進行體外受精。

胚胎移植：成功受精的胚胎會移植到代孕母親的子宮中。

妊娠監控：妊娠期間，代孕母親會接受定期的醫療檢查，以確保胎兒和代孕母親的健康。

代孕機構或診所通常會安排妊娠期間的醫療和生活支持。

分娩和法律程序：孩子出生後，會進行必要的法律程序，以確保委託父母在法律上被認定為孩子的合法父母。

在烏克蘭，孩子出生證上可以直接寫上委託父母的名字，而不是代孕母親的名字。

烏克蘭代孕的優勢和挑戰

優勢：

法律支持：烏克蘭的法律對代孕相對友好，保護委託父母的權利。

成本效益：相比其他國家，烏克蘭的代孕服務費用較低。

專業服務：烏克蘭擁有多家專業的代孕機構和生育診所，提供全方位的服務。

挑戰：

法律和文化差異：外國夫婦需要了解和遵守烏克蘭的法律和文化規範。

心理挑戰：代孕過程可能涉及情感和心理壓力，需做好準備。

總的來說，烏克蘭的代孕服務因其合法性和高效性，吸引來自世界各地的委託父母。在選擇代孕時，委託父母需要仔細考慮所有的法律、醫療和情感因素，以確保代孕過程的順利進行。

即使目前烏克蘭正在戰爭，代孕服務仍然存在，費用大約在4萬至5萬歐元之間。許多西歐不孕夫婦會在這裡進行代孕，然後將孩子帶回自己的國家。然而，孩子能否在當地獲得合法身分取決於各國的法律規範。

通常，代孕的流程中，客戶不會與代孕母親有任何接觸或聯繫。代孕母親簽署相關契約後，與孩子便不再有任何關係。代孕母親的選擇範圍包括中亞、烏克蘭本地和亞洲人，通常年紀較長。

之前曾有中國人為了減少代孕費用，與當地人假結婚並真實生育。結果，女方調高價格，兩人最終離婚並爭奪撫養權。這場官司長達一年以上仍未結束。類似的案件中，法院多數將孩子判給女方。直到孩子18歲後才能自行選擇與誰生活。單獨與母親生活的孩子通常與父親關係不好，由於語言不通，最終大多數留在烏克蘭生活。

Surrogacy is a reproductive technique where a woman, known as the surrogate mother, carries and gives birth to a child for another couple or individual. The surrogate mother is medically impregnated and carries the embryo, ultimately handing the baby over to the intended parents. There are two main forms of surrogacy: traditional surrogacy (where the surrogate mother uses her own egg) and gestational surrogacy (where the surrogate mother only carries the pregnancy without using her own egg).

Legality of Surrogacy in Ukraine

In Ukraine, surrogacy is legal and has become a popular destination for many foreign couples seeking surrogacy services. Ukraine's legal framework is relatively lenient and supportive of the surrogacy process, making it a global hub for surrogacy services. As a result, some refer to Ukraine as the "womb of Europe."

Surrogacy Process in Ukraine

Choosing a Surrogacy Agency or Clinic:

Intended parents need to select a reliable surrogacy agency or fertility clinic. These agencies handle all legal, medical, and administrative procedures.

Initial Consultation and Assessment:

Intended parents typically undergo an initial consultation to discuss their needs and expectations. This phase includes medical and psychological evaluations to ensure they are suitable for surrogacy.

Legal Contract:

The surrogacy contract is a crucial document outlining the rights and obligations of all parties involved. The contract covers costs, the surrogate mother's rights, and health and living arrangements during pregnancy.

In Ukraine, the surrogacy contract must be signed in the presence of a lawyer.

Selecting a Surrogate Mother:

Intended parents can choose a suitable surrogate mother from a list of candidates provided by the surrogacy agency. Surrogate mothers undergo thorough health checks and psychological evaluations.

Medical Procedures:

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): The eggs from the intended mother or an egg donor and sperm from the intended father or a sperm donor are used for IVF.

Embryo Transfer: The successfully fertilized embryos are transferred to the surrogate mother's uterus.

Pregnancy Monitoring:

During pregnancy, the surrogate mother undergoes regular medical check-ups to ensure the health of both the fetus and herself.

The surrogacy agency or clinic typically arranges medical and living support throughout the pregnancy.

Delivery and Legal Procedures:

After the child is born, necessary legal procedures are carried out to ensure the intended parents are legally recognized as the child's parents.

In Ukraine, the birth certificate can directly list the intended parents' names instead of the surrogate mother's name.

Advantages and Challenges of Surrogacy in Ukraine

Advantages:

Legal Support: Ukraine's laws are relatively favorable towards surrogacy, protecting the rights of intended parents.

Cost-Effectiveness: Surrogacy services in Ukraine are more affordable compared to other countries.

Professional Services: Ukraine has many professional surrogacy agencies and fertility clinics offering comprehensive services.

Challenges:

Legal and Cultural Differences: Foreign couples need to understand and comply with Ukraine's laws and cultural norms.

Psychological Challenges: The surrogacy process can involve emotional and psychological stress, requiring proper preparation.

Overall, Ukraine's surrogacy services attract intended parents worldwide due to their legality and efficiency. When choosing surrogacy, intended parents need to carefully consider all legal, medical, and emotional factors to ensure a smooth surrogacy process.

Surrogacy Amidst the War in Ukraine

Even amidst the current war in Ukraine, surrogacy services continue, with costs ranging between 40,000 to 50,000 euros. Many infertile couples from Western Europe opt for surrogacy in Ukraine and then take their children back to their home countries. However, whether the child can obtain legal status depends on the laws of the respective countries.

Typically, the surrogacy process involves no contact between the clients and the surrogate mother. Once the surrogate mother signs the relevant contracts, she has no further relationship with the child. Surrogate mothers can be chosen from Central Asia, Ukraine, or Asia and are usually older in age.

In the past, some Chinese individuals tried to reduce surrogacy costs by marrying locals and having a real pregnancy. However, the woman raised her price, and the couple eventually divorced, fighting over custody for more than a year with no resolution. In similar cases, courts usually award custody to the mother. Children can choose whom to live with at 18, but those living solely with their mother often have poor relationships with their fathers due to language barriers and typically remain in Ukraine.

照片:DALLE3